Structural Changes of the Reproductive Tract 

DES daughters exhibit an increased incidence of structural alterations in their reproductive organs, notably a T-shaped uterus. The uterine lining of a T-shaped uterus appears comparable to that of unexposed women, suggesting the primary difference lies in the underlying fibromuscular system. Pregnant DES daughters, irrespective of uterine shape, are at heightened risk for premature delivery.

Infertility 

DES daughters face an elevated risk of infertility, with research indicating a 33% infertility rate after 12 months compared to 15.5% among unexposed women within the same timeframe. Generally, infertility treatments for DES daughters align with those for other women.

Ectopic Pregnancy 

Early confirmation of pregnancy is crucial for DES daughters to ensure foetal development occurs within the uterus. Ectopic pregnancies occur in approximately 14.6% of DES daughters, compared to less than 3% among unexposed women.

Miscarriage and Preterm Labour 

Given the increased risks, all DES daughters, including those with prior normal pregnancies, require high-risk obstetric care from the earliest stage of pregnancy. Current research indicates preterm delivery rates of 53.3% for DES daughters, contrasted with 17.8% for unexposed women. Miscarriages occur in 50.3% of DES daughters, compared to 38.6% of unexposed women. 

According to a 2018 study, DES granddaughters exhibit a higher incidence of preterm birth. Research revealed increased risks of irregular menstruation, prolonged periods without menstruation, and preterm birth among DES granddaughters compared to others whose mothers were not DES daughters.

Preeclampsia 

DES daughters experience preeclampsia, characterised by high blood pressure and Edema during pregnancy, in 26.4% of cases versus 13.7% among unexposed pregnant women.